Stone

**Stone**  The stone is a solid mineral that has been affected by man for use in construction.  The main types of stones used for construction are: Slate, sandstone, quartzite, limestone and marble. Sculptural appearance, resistant, heavy, hard, tenacious, porous, absorbent, dense, lasting, monumental. The stones are used in construction because they have a number of advantages are: adaptability, durability sculptural treatment, and that can be used in modest structures in their natural state. Many stones are also strong enough to provide a monolithic support (columns and columns) and beams (lintels). They Usually Have the Ability to make a construction look old, strong memorial and events.
 * What are stones? **
 * How many kinds of stone do you know? **
 * What characteristics do stones have? **
 * Why are stones used in construction? **

** Team Work **
 * Find 2 definitions in the text: **
 * 1) __ the entablatures __ (the upper sections of a classical order that rest on the capital of a column)
 * 2) The simplest and cheapest stonework is __rubble__; i.e., roughly broken stones of any shape bounded in mortar.


 * Find 2 statements of comparison and contrast: **
 * 1) Because of its weight and the precision with which it can be shaped, stone masonry (__in contrast with brick__) does not depend on strong bonding for stability where it supports only direct downward loads.
 * 2) The best stone (and brick) bonding is that in which blocks are placed so that the vertical joints in one course are not above the joints in the courses above and below, since the stone resists deformation __better than__ any bonding material.

> ** Effect: ** But this roofing requires so many columns that unvalued masonry buildings are almost always combined with floors and covering in wood. > ** Effect: ** But the weight creates problems of stability when loads push at an angle; stone vaults and arches require more support and buttressing than equivalent forms in other materials.
 * Find 2 statements expressing cause and effect. **
 * 1) ** Cause: ** Many stones are strong enough to provide monolithic supports (columns and piers) and beams (lintels); and in some styles stone slabs are employed even for roofing.
 * 1) ** Cause: ** The entablatures (the upper sections of a classical order that rest on the capital of a column) of an ancient Greek temple, for example, were bonded by small bronze dowels.


 * Find 2 adjectives in the superlative form and 2 in the comparative form. **
 * 1) ** Superlative: ** monumental and modest.
 * 2) ** Comparative: ** strongest and cheapest.